Tag: Dry Fly Fishing

There is a moment on the drive from Dillon when Montana changes again. We leave the dry Beaverhead Valley behind, pass through Twin Bridges and begin climbing towards Virginia City and Nevada City, the old gold-rush towns sitting little more than a mile apart in Alder Gulch. Virginia City has been preserved rather than simply abandoned, and there is enough of the original town remaining that it does not require much imagination to picture another version of Montana operating along the same street. Old shopfronts remain. Boardwalks run past historic buildings. Inside are collections of machinery, furniture and objects from a period when gold rather than trout determined where people travelled and why they stayed.

Years ago, we wandered into a restaurant there and discovered the owner was Australian. What followed was one of those conversations that only seems unusual until you have travelled for long enough. Two Australians standing in an old mining town in Montana swapping stories about home and grizzly bears. He told us about bears coming onto his property and, on one occasion, one finding its way into his garage in the middle of the night. He had become accustomed to living with animals that would make most Australians reconsider taking the rubbish out after dark. It was another small reminder that although Montana can occasionally feel familiar to an Australian, particularly in its agricultural towns and dry open country, the similarities have limits.

The road keeps climbing beyond Virginia City. Forest appears out to the right and for a while there is little indication of what lies ahead. Then you reach the top and the Madison Valley suddenly opens beneath you. It is difficult to describe the scale of that first view. The valley is broad enough that the mountain ranges on either side appear to belong to different landscapes. Huge, almost level benches step down towards the valley floor, one terrace below another, before eventually reaching the river. Beyond them the Madison Range rises sharply, jagged against the horizon. Ennis sits below, small enough from above to seem almost incidental to the country surrounding it. After the tighter landscape of the gold towns just passed, the sudden space is startling.

We usually stop in Ennis for lunch. It is a proper Montana town rather than a town created primarily for visitors. There are bars, real estate offices, a library, fly shops and businesses serving the ranching country surrounding it. Rodeos and hunting are as much a part of the place as fishing. Main Street is not large, but it feels lived in. People are travelling through as well as staying. Roads meet there from Bozeman and the north, Dillon and Virginia City to the west, and West Yellowstone and Idaho to the south. Eventually we get back into the vehicle, drive out of town and almost immediately cross the Madison.

I first fished the river in 2010. My wife was with me on that trip and I had rented a farmhouse near the water, using it as a base while clients came through for a couple of weeks. Like most anglers arriving at a famous river for the first time, I thought I understood roughly what the Madison was. I had seen photographs and read about it for years. I knew about salmonflies, drift boats, boulder water and the famous fifty-mile riffle. It seemed straightforward enough. Sixteen years later, I am less certain that there is any single thing called the Madison.

I have now fished it from the meadow country inside Yellowstone National Park through Hebgen Lake, the short tailwater between Hebgen and Earthquake Lake, the water around Quake itself, the Slide, the walk-and-wade reaches below it, the long drift-boat water towards Ennis, and farther downstream through Bear Trap Canyon and beyond. I have fished it from boats, from the bank, in small one-man rafts and standing waist-deep in the current. I have fished tiny dry flies to individual trout on flat water and rubber-legged attractors through whitewater. I have chased salmonflies large enough to make delicate presentation seem faintly ridiculous and watched lake fish refuse mayflies almost too small to see. It is one river, but it contains an extraordinary number of different rivers within it.

The section most anglers picture when they hear the name is probably the water above Ennis, the famous fifty-mile riffle. The description is close enough to literal that it makes sense once you have spent a day there. The river runs over a broad bed of cobble and boulders and seems almost reluctant to form anything resembling a conventional pool. You come around a bend expecting the current eventually to ease, only to find another long run of broken water. Beyond that is another. Then another.

Endless fast waters characterise the Madison’s most famous section

The Madison has an energy that is immediately recognisable. On many rivers the angler searches for the fast water among slower pools. Here you often search for the ten per cent reduction in speed. A depression behind a boulder. A small slick. A subtle shelf. A narrow seam beside heavier current. The trout use tiny variations in velocity because there is so much current everywhere else. Fishing it properly demands concentration. The fly is moving almost from the instant it lands. Line begins bowing downstream. Mends need to be made quickly and accurately. The boat is moving as well, and the guide is constantly positioning it around boulders, other boats and the next piece of useful water. There are moments when the angler, guide, line, flies and current all seem to be travelling at different speeds and somehow have to arrive at the same place together.

Years ago, David and I floated a long section in Water Master Kodiaks, little one-man inflatable craft with a seat between the tubes. Your legs hang in the water and a small set of oars sits atop the tubes, but much of the steering can be done with fins. On the Madison we discovered another advantage. By pointing our feet almost vertically down, we could let the tips of the fins brush across the tops of submerged boulders, creating just enough resistance to slow ourselves while we fished a run. We must have looked ridiculous. Proper drift boats passed with anglers and guides looking across at two Australians sitting low in the water, legs hanging beneath them, occasionally scraping their fins across the riverbed to avoid being swept away from the water they were trying to fish.

David Pickering floating the Madison in a Water Master in 2010

It worked, though. We fished all day and eventually came out below Varney Bridge completely exhausted. What really brought home the distance was retrieving the vehicle afterwards. Driving back along the highway at Montana speeds still took roughly thirty-five minutes. We did not fish the following day. The river had extracted enough from us in that foolish thirteen hour float.

There is another way to experience that same water, and it remains one of my favourite events in American fly fishing. The salmonfly hatch moves progressively through the Madison each year as summer takes hold. These are not subtle insects. They are enormous stoneflies, often several inches long, and when the hatch is properly underway they cling to bankside vegetation, fly awkwardly across the river and hit the water with enough impact to attract attention. The guides follow them. Everyone follows them. During the peak of the hatch, boats seem to arrive from everywhere. Fly shops know roughly where the leading edge of the bugs is. Guides talk to one another. Reports move quickly. A section that was relatively quiet yesterday can be full of boats tomorrow because the insects have moved several miles upstream.

Anglers fishing from a drift boat on the Madison River beneath open Montana hills.

On one of my early trips we hit it properly. Through dumb luck rather than careful planning. Rather than accepting that we would drift through the hatch once and leave it behind, the guide organised the day around the insects. We floated the productive section, pulled out, drove back and did it again. Then we repeated the process a third time. It was not one of those ridiculous stories where seventy trout somehow find their way into a net before lunch. We probably caught twenty fish across the day. What I remember is their quality and the violence of some of the takes. Big browns came out from structure to eat enormous dry flies. Some smashed them hard enough to make you instinctively tighten your grip on the rod. Others rose beneath an undercut bank with such restraint that the only indication of a take was that the fly was suddenly no longer there.

The contrast fascinated me. The insect was enormous. The fish was large. The river was fast. Yet the eat could still be little more than a sip.

Crushing the barb on a big salmonfly is as much about fish welfare as it is guide welfare
These are seriously big bugs
The nymphs are huge too

By July, the fishing changes again. PMDs and caddis become important, and later the river can fill with terrestrials. Spruce moths appear in high summer and occasionally fall onto the water in sufficient numbers for trout to become completely preoccupied with them. They are terrestrial insects associated with the surrounding conifer forests rather than something emerging from the river, but the trout do not care about taxonomy. When enough reach the water, fish begin looking for them and can become surprisingly reluctant to eat anything else. The fishing can be exceptional. Then there are hoppers. Caddis. Spinners. Attractor dries. Large rubber-legged patterns worked through broken water. The Madison gives an angler plenty of reasons to keep looking up.

It also gives you difficult days. On one of our more recent trips I was fishing from the back of the boat while we worked likely pockets along the edge. The fishing had been slow from the beginning. There had been some cloud early and we found a handful of trout sitting in the little pieces of softer water behind boulders, occasionally willing to eat a spent caddis or spinner, but as the day warmed the opportunities became fewer.

At some point I wrapped my fly line around a boulder. There are sensible ways to deal with this. The guide can pull the boat to the edge and anchor. You can then walk back and retrieve the fly. Even slowing the boat can buy a few precious seconds to throw a loop back out and free the line. But I was annoyed with myself and chose none of them. Rather than make the guide stop because of my mistake, I pointed the rod directly at the boulder and pulled. About twenty feet of fly line broke off.

There are moments in fishing when decades of experience express themselves as calm judgement. There are others when it apparently expresses itself as destroying a perfectly good fly line because you are irritated with yourself. We still caught eight or nine trout that day, which says something about the strange standards Montana can create. Back home, most anglers would consider that a great session. On the Madison, after several days of exceptional fishing, it felt difficult. We eventually stopped, climbed onto a large boulder overlooking the valley, ate lunch and watched other boats move past below us. Later we swam. It was still a good day.

That is something these trips gradually teach people. A hard fishing day does not necessarily need rescuing.

Upstream of the fifty-mile riffle, the Madison begins changing so dramatically that the name alone stops being useful. Inside Yellowstone National Park it is meadow water. The river moves through open country lined in places by low, scrubby willow growth and vegetation thick enough to conceal an animal remarkably well. I have always felt slightly more alert fishing there than I do on most rivers. Grizzly country changes the senses. You hear things differently. Timber and brush cease to be scenery and become places from which something may emerge.

The Madison eventually leaves the park and enters Hebgen Lake, a large reservoir sitting west of Yellowstone. The river disappears into still water and the fishing changes with it. Hebgen is famous among fly fishers for its gulpers, trout feeding rhythmically on mayflies across the surface. On the right summer morning, particularly when Callibaetis and other mayflies are on the water, the lake can appear to contain an impossible number of rising fish. The guide runs a small motor to reach a productive bay, shuts it down and takes the oars. Then everything becomes quiet.

The eastern end of Hebgen is shallow and is home to some wonderful summer hatches.

You watch. A fish rises. Then again. Perhaps ten metres away another begins feeding. Behind it is another. Soon there are rings appearing everywhere and the problem becomes deciding which fish to present to.

The trout often establish a rhythm. Rise. Swim. Rise again. Sometimes they are visible beneath the surface and you can track them between rises. At other times all you have is a sequence of expanding rings from which you try to calculate direction and speed. The guide rows quietly, attempting to put the boat somewhere that gives the angler a chance of placing a tiny dry fly ahead of the fish without putting line across its path. It is technical fishing. Leaders are long. Tippets fine. Presentation matters. The surface is flat enough for mistakes to remain visible for an uncomfortable amount of time.

Guest Simon with a lovely Hebgen rainbow in July 2025.

Refusals are part of the information. If a trout feeding confidently turns away from your fly from two feet below it, something is probably wrong. The pattern, the size, the tippet or the presentation has given the game away early. If the fish rises until its nose almost touches the imitation before deciding against it, you are much closer. Sometimes the answer is another fly. Sometimes the same fly simply needs to arrive more naturally the next time. That process can occupy an experienced angler for hours. A fish rises six times on naturals. You make what appears to be the perfect cast. It approaches your fly and refuses it. Then it rises again five feet away as though nothing happened.

There are mornings when the lake seems covered in fish and you still feel as though you cannot buy one. There are others when everything aligns. The wind can help for a while. A little surface movement disguises the leader and creates lanes where insects collect. Too much eventually makes tracking individual fish difficult. By late morning, as the wind strengthens or the rise begins fading, we often leave the lake and move onto the river.

The transformation can be almost absurd. An hour earlier you were casting a tiny mayfly to one visible trout in flat water. Now you are throwing a Chubby Chernobyl or another large attractor into heavy current and mending frantically as the Madison tries to carry the fly, the line and perhaps the angler towards Ennis. Both are the same river system. That is what took me years to fully appreciate.

The short section of river running between Hebgen and Quake lakes.

Between Hebgen and Earthquake Lake lies another short section of Madison. I have fished it several times, including days when a small boat was useful simply for crossing the river to reach water inaccessible from the road side. Once across, you can walk downstream towards the delta and fish back upstream through a mixture of fast and flatter water. It is beautiful country. Forest rises around both sides and the landscape begins merging with the vast connected country of eastern Idaho and Yellowstone. It is not wilderness in the sense that nobody has ever been there, but there are large areas without roads and remarkably few people once you leave the obvious access points.

That matters because the bears use it too. Last year, while clients were fishing with guides, I had a day to myself. At the trailhead I found a warning sign stating that a carcass and a bear were somewhere in the area. The information was precise enough to make you nervous and vague enough to be almost useless. Other anglers arriving at the trailhead were making the same calculation. Nobody seemed particularly interested in walking farther along the trail without knowing where the carcass was or whether the bear remained with it.

Nothing focuses the mind like a good Montana sign.

The fishing conditions were almost perfect. Blue sky. Mild warmth. Very little wind. Fish rising everywhere. If this had been New Zealand, I would have regarded the situation as idyllic. Instead I started walking alone down a trail calling, “Hey bear,” every so often into the forest.

It is difficult to describe how much that changes fishing. Rationally, I knew grizzly encounters were uncommon. I carried bear spray. I understood the basic precautions. None of that stopped the older part of the brain from becoming extremely interested in every sound coming from the trees. Eventually I reached a point where I needed to cut through to the river. Between me and the water was a dense wall of vegetation perhaps fifteen feet high. I could not see through it. The only way forward was to push into it. I remember standing there reconsidering how badly I actually wanted to catch a trout.

Eventually I went through. Once in the river, the fishing was excellent. It should have been one of those quiet afternoons when everything else disappears. Instead, every drift was accompanied by another glance over my shoulder. Cast. Mend. Watch the fly. Look behind. Cast again. Nothing happened. I did not see a bear. That did not make the bear feel absent.

Eventually the Madison enters Earthquake Lake, and here the river’s story changes for reasons having nothing to do with trout. The first time I saw Quake Lake, I knew almost nothing about what had happened there. But no one needed to tell me that something extraordinary had occurred. The mountain had a wound across it.

Even from a distance the scar was obvious. An enormous section of forest simply stopped, replaced by exposed rock and debris running down the mountainside towards the lake. Dead trees protruded from the water. Along the Slide itself, timber lay among boulders and broken ground as though the landscape had been picked up, shaken and dropped again. Photographs do not convey the scale particularly well. A wide-angle image reduces the scar to a pale patch on a mountain. Standing among the debris is different. The visitor centre sits within the slide area, and as you drive towards it the size of the material around you begins providing scale. The mountain above towers over the road. What looked like gravel from across the valley becomes rock. What looked like rock becomes boulders.

Car park overlooking the slide area.

The event that created it happened late on the night of 17 August 1959. At 11.37 pm, a magnitude 7.3 earthquake struck near Hebgen Lake. Within seconds of the strongest shaking, a section of the canyon wall approximately 1,300 feet high collapsed into the Madison Canyon. Tens of millions of cubic yards of rock, earth and timber crossed the valley, ran hundreds of feet up the opposite wall and buried part of the Rock Creek campground. Twenty-six people died beneath the slide. Nineteen were never recovered. The earthquake’s overall death toll was twenty-eight.

The detail I find hardest to shake is the timing. Eyewitness accounts suggest the landslide began only seconds, perhaps half a minute, after the strongest shaking subsided. I sometimes try to imagine that from the campground. You are asleep. The ground begins moving violently enough to wake you. Perhaps things are falling inside the camper or tent. People are shouting. It is dark. You have not had time to understand that there has been an earthquake, much less decide what to do next.

Then another sound begins.

I imagine it as something beyond thunder. Rock, trees and part of a mountain accelerating down the slope must have produced a sound for which there was no useful comparison. I can picture being woken by the shaking more easily than I can picture understanding what came after it. In daylight, standing across the canyon, the direction of the slide is obvious. In a tent, in the dark, with the ground still moving, I wonder whether you would even have known which way to turn.

The accounts of what followed are scarcely easier to comprehend. The slide drove a wave of muddy water and a violent blast of displaced air through the camping area. Survivors gathered on higher ground at Refuge Point, trapped between the landslide downstream and damaged roads upstream. By half past six the following morning, the rising water had covered the cars and trailers in Rock Creek Campground. Helicopters eventually evacuated the most seriously injured, while a rough road bulldozed around the damaged sections allowed the remaining survivors to leave.

The visitor centre makes those events difficult to keep at a comfortable historical distance. There are photographs, seismograph records, recovered objects and personal accounts, along with a film that runs through the story. Outside is the actual mountainside. You can look at the evidence indoors, then turn towards the windows and see where it happened. I remember finding that more affecting than any single display. There was no need to imagine the setting. It occupied the view.

Blocking the river created another emergency. Water backed up behind the slide, and the new lake continued rising. Engineers feared it could overtop the debris and erode a breach, sending a destructive flood towards Ennis and other communities downstream. There was also concern that the rising lake could destabilise Hebgen Dam upstream. The shaking had stopped, but the situation was still developing.

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers organised the construction of an emergency spillway. By September, 62 pieces of heavy equipment and 190 operators and mechanics were working around the clock. On 10 September, 23 days after the earthquake, water began flowing over the new channel. Even then, the work was not finished. Uncontrolled erosion cut into the steep lower spillway, and attempts to protect it with enormous boulders proved unsuccessful. Draglines were brought in to excavate a lower outlet while the water continued flowing. A stable configuration was finally achieved on 29 October.

Informational sign with Quake Lake in the background.

I had once assumed that the weight of the slide had simply compressed everything into a barrier solid enough to hold the lake. Learning about the excavation changed that picture. The outlet was not merely a gap the Madison had found for itself. People had worked through the debris to give the water a controlled passage before it could cut an uncontrolled one.

The drowned trees are perhaps the easiest part of the story to read without entering the visitor centre at all. They were standing in the valley before the earthquake, and the rising lake inundated them where they grew. Their trunks still project from the water. The earthquake and slide happened in moments; the lake took shape over the weeks that followed. When I fish Quake now, I find myself looking at those trees almost as often as I look at the scar. From a boat, they give the scale of what happened a more familiar measure.

Below the lake, the water leaves any resemblance to stillwater fishing behind.

On one of my more recent visits, I had been working on my book while the clients went out with their guides. We were one person short on that trip, which left a spare seat beside one of the anglers. His guide had prepared a second lunch in case I decided to join them. I declined, partly because I wanted to write and partly because it seemed a shame not to let the client enjoy having the boat to himself. The guide gave me the lunch anyway. Later, with the weather looking good and a day still ahead of me, I decided to take it down to the Slide.

Getting to the water required a careful descent from the road through loose gravel and broken ground. From above, I could see that the river was fast. Once I reached it, the height of the waves and the size of the boulders became much more apparent. Some of the rocks were as large as small vans. Water struck them, climbed against their faces and dropped into narrow slots before being forced around the next obstruction. Timber complicated the picture further. Looking at that particular water as a rower, I had no desire to put my drift boat into it.

Fishing it on foot required its own caution. I had a wading staff, but that did not turn an awkward stretch of river into a safe one. Every step needed consideration, as did what might happen after a slip. There were places where the current would carry a person straight into the next obstruction, with very little opportunity to recover. Much of the fishing involved working around or over rocks rather than walking through the river, and even that demanded attention. The next useful foothold mattered at least as much as the next useful cast.

At first the water appeared almost too violent to hold fish. After a while, smaller pieces began separating themselves from the general confusion. There was a cushion of softer water against the upstream face of a boulder, a narrow slick behind another and a dark slot running along a rock wall. Some pockets were scarcely larger than a dining table. Others were no more than a turn in the current, briefly slowing before being drawn back into the main flow. Those were the places I began fishing.

One fish remains particularly clear in my mind. I was standing on a boulder, looking almost directly down into a patch of shaded water beneath another. The main current swept past hard, but a small reverse flow curled back under the rock ahead of me. The surface was so broken and distorted that I could get close without seeing directly through to the bottom. There was barely any casting involved. I simply lowered the dry fly into the eddy and kept the line in the air away from the surrounding current.

For perhaps thirty seconds I held it there, making small adjustments as the fly drifted and dapped beneath the boulder. Then a trout took it. After all the effort of getting into position, the actual fishing had involved little more than dropping a fly directly below me and keeping it bobbling in the right water.

I caught a couple of very good fish in that section and lost others that I couldn’t stop. Once a fish reached the heavier current, the balance changed immediately. There was no open gravel bank to follow it along and no way to move quickly between the boulders. Some fish broke me off. I remember being surprised by how few small trout I encountered. The water looked improbable from the road, yet it held fish substantial enough to make the struggle to reach it seem understandable.

Working upstream, I kept looking between the boulders around me and the exposed mountainside above. At the visitor centre, the scale had been measured in photographs and figures. Down here, it was measured in the effort required to get around one rock and then another. The river was loud enough that it was difficult to imagine hearing anything else, and occasionally my thoughts returned to what the canyon must have sounded like that night.

Farther downstream, around Three Dollar Bridge, you find another version of the Madison. It is still quick, still broken and still capable of making wading hard work, but the fishing becomes a matter of examining smaller differences within a much broader sweep of water. From the road, several anglers spread across a section can make it look thoroughly occupied. On foot, I have found that a surprisingly small patch can take a long time to fish properly. One boulder conceals several possible presentations. A shallow seam leads into a slot that was not visible from the bank. Water that appeared uniform from above begins dividing into separate pieces.

There is no need to charge along covering every metre. You might spend a considerable time in an area that would barely register during a drift. The work is in getting a fly through one pocket without having the faster water beside it pull the line away. Then the angle changes, or you move a few steps, and the same section offers something else. It is absorbing fishing, although the concentration can leave you surprisingly tired by the end of the day.

Nor does the river keep that character all the way downstream. Ennis Lake interrupts it again, and below the dam the Madison enters Bear Trap Canyon, where the enclosed canyon eventually gives way to a broader, more open river. My fishing there has generally belonged to the earlier part of the season. Once the summer heat takes hold, I’m usually looking elsewhere. Later, when the inner tubes and rafts begin filling the lower river, it can be difficult to connect that floating summer gathering with the quiet lake fishing or the rough water below Quake.

Moving between these places is one reason the local guides matter. I have fished the Madison with people from several operations over the years, including Big Sky Anglers, TroutHunter and Anderson and Platt. The guides I have particularly enjoyed are the ones who remain good company even when a day proves to be challenging. Some of the Dillon crew have a dry, self directed humour that feels familiar to an Australian. There is plenty of joking, but beneath it they are paying attention. A morning planned for the lake might finish on a river, and not necessarily the river I had expected.

In terms of scenery, the Madison has it all.

One day, after fishing the lake from a drift boat, I assumed we would launch on the Madison for the afternoon. Instead, the guide decided we would fish the Gallatin. Rather than tow the boat all the way there, he drove back to a junction, pulled over and unhitched the trailer. Then he left the entire outfit beside the main road and we drove away.

I spent considerably more time thinking about that decision than he did. To me, it looked like an expensive boat being left unattended where anyone could attach it to a vehicle and disappear. He did not seem remotely concerned. When pressed on it, his explanation was that people knew the boats and knew who owned them. The wrong boat behind the wrong pickup would attract attention. I understood what he meant, but it did not entirely settle the part of my mind that had watched him disconnect the trailer and walk away.

It is one of those small incidents that has remained with me despite having almost nothing to do with the fish we caught. I cannot now remember every detail of the afternoon on the Gallatin. I can still picture the boat sitting beside the road.

The towns around this part of the trip have similarly distinct characters. Ennis remains the place I most readily recognise as a working Montana town. West Yellowstone is useful and sometimes enjoyable, but I rarely feel any desire to stay in the middle of it. After a day on the water, the crowded streets, souvenir shops and constant traffic can be a difficult adjustment. There are good meals to be found, and it is convenient for accessing the park, but I prefer having somewhere quieter to return to.

Island Park suits me differently. From the main road it can seem scattered and almost without a centre, yet turn into the forest and there are cabins and houses everywhere. On summer evenings, ATVs appear in numbers that initially surprised me. They pass along the roadside tracks, stand on trailers outside accommodation and gather near the bars. It is not silent country during daylight hours. Nevertheless, once dinner is finished and people retreat to their places among the trees, the evenings we spend there are generally quiet.

At TroutHunter in Last Chance, we have often eaten overlooking the Henry’s Fork. After a day on the Madison or Hebgen, it is mildly absurd to sit down for dinner beside yet another river capable of occupying an entire trip. The lodge and shop bring anglers together from all over the world, and the conversations around the tables tend to reflect it. I have heard enough discussion of rivers during dinner there to fill another day before anyone has ordered dessert.

More often, we go back to the house. We usually stay outside the busiest parts of town, around Henry’s Lake or in deep in the timber, with enough room for people to spread out. Someone puts the barbecue on while the others shower. Ribeyes, salad, baked potatoes and a bottle of wine make a fairly reliable dinner after a day outdoors. Photographs are passed around. Calls are made home. Someone may have a book open while another is sorting gear for the morning. Occasionally deer or a moose appear outside and interrupt whatever everyone is doing.

These evenings do not need organising in the way the fishing days do. By this stage, the group has generally worked out how to share the space. Some want to talk. Others are happy sitting quietly for a while. The conversation may stay with the day’s fishing, but it is just as likely to move somewhere else entirely. After enough days together, nobody feels obliged to keep discussing flies simply because it is a fishing trip.

This is usually the final part of our standard journey. There have been three days on the Missouri, a break while we move, three days around Dillon, another day between regions and then these last days near Yellowstone. That spacing matters. People are not simply being marched through two weeks of consecutive fishing days until they can no longer lift a rod. There has been time to travel, look around, eat somewhere different and arrive at the next river with some interest left.

By the final evening, most are content rather than desperate. They have caught fish, sometimes a great many, and have spent days working through different techniques with guides who know their water. They have fished from boats and on foot, watched insects arrive, missed fish they should have caught and landed others they did not expect. An angler who was uncertain on the first morning in Craig may now be making adjustments without waiting to be told. You notice it in the little things, including how much less time they spend looking at the guide for reassurance.

The next morning I will drive them back to Bozeman. Some are flying home. Others are meeting their wives to continue travelling, and a few will remain longer in the West. There are bags to organise and flight times to check, but the final dinner rarely feels hurried. People talk about the places they liked and the fishing they would return for. There are thanks, which I always appreciate. Much of hosting happens before anyone reaches the river, and it is good to know when the work has allowed people to settle in and enjoy themselves.

When I think back over this leg of the trip, though, I do not see one final scene that neatly gathers it all together. I see the lake on a quiet morning, with so many rings appearing that I briefly lose track of the fish we are following. I see the shaded pocket beneath that enormous boulder. I see the empty trailer hitch as a guide leaves his boat beside the road, apparently untroubled by a decision I am still considering a long time later.

The Madison I first imagined from photographs was not wrong. It was simply incomplete. I knew about the riffle water, the salmonflies and the boats. I had not pictured how different the same day could become after moving only a short distance, or how much of the river’s present shape could be traced to a night within living memory. Some of what I now recognise came from guides. Some came from fishing badly enough to have to reconsider what I was doing. Some required putting the rod down and walking into the visitor centre.

Yet the stretch that most often returns to me is the long water above Ennis. I can still feel the movement of the boat there and the need to keep adjusting the line as the fly travels past one boulder towards the next. There is always another small piece of softer water to examine. Before I have quite finished with it, the boat has carried me towards another bank, another seam, another place that deserves a cast.

The valley opens around us, with those level terraces stepping away towards the mountains. Ahead, the river bends out of sight. On most rivers I would expect to find a pool somewhere beyond it, a place where the current gathers and slows enough to give everyone a moment. Here, the bend reveals another long stretch of broken water, moving at much the same pace as the one we have just left. The guide adjusts the boat. I lift the line and cast again.

On this part of the Madison, you eventually stop waiting for the pool.

The river simply keeps going.

Anthony Boliancu
Drift Boat Guide

 


More from the Madison

Parts of the Slide with the river visible at the bottom.

 

The scale of the destruction is hard to comprehend.

A typical Madison rainbow.

There are a ton of good browns in this river.

You get the occasional reminder that you’re not the apex predator in these parts.

Blasting away with big salmonflies is a ton of fun.

The scenery is ever-changing

 


 

The rods are usually rigged the night before. There is no practical reason for this. The guides will almost certainly alter the leaders, change the flies and perhaps abandon the entire setup before we leave the ramp. Still, on the first evening in Craig, nobody wants to arrive unprepared. Licences are checked, rain jackets located and lunch orders completed before people drift off to their rooms carrying the restless energy of months, sometimes years, of anticipation.

The alarms are generally set for 6.30, though most people are awake well before them. Breakfast on the first morning is rarely impressive. A piece of toast, some muesli, perhaps a banana eaten while looking repeatedly at the time. Eggs and bacon can wait. Outside, the light is already spreading across the valley and somewhere downstream dozens of guides are going through the same preparations.

The drive to the fly shop is usually quiet. There is no music. No radio. People are too busy simply looking through the windows. The interstate follows the river closely in places, and every time the water appears around a bend, heads turn instinctively. Somebody comments on the level. Somebody else spots a drift boat. It does not matter that we checked the flows the night before or that very little is likely to have changed. Looking is part of the ritual.

By the time we reach Craig, the fly-shop car park appears to be in complete disorder. Clients stand holding rods and day packs while guides move quickly between trucks, boats and the shop. Coolers are loaded. Flies are collected. Shuttle arrangements are confirmed. Boat trailers rattle in and out of the gravel lot. On a busy morning there may be sixty or seventy anglers preparing to leave and thirty or forty drift boats scattered across the surrounding lots. To somebody seeing it for the first time, the obvious thought is that the river will be ruined before breakfast. It never is.

The boats begin spreading out almost as soon as they reach the water. Some guides start below the dam. Others launch from town. A few drive further downstream towards the canyon or the more pastoral sections where summer hoppers may bring fish tight to the banks. Some clients will finish early. Others will remain out until evening. By the time the first few kilometres have passed beneath the hull, the apparent chaos has dissolved into long stretches of water and the occasional distant boat. The Missouri absorbs people remarkably well.

Craig itself is barely a town in the conventional sense. A few fly shops. A bar. Places to eat. Lodging scattered along the river. Boats parked beside roads and trucks carrying rods through every intersection. The entire place seems temporarily assembled around the requirements of trout fishing.

Guides are everywhere. You recognise them before anyone makes an introduction. Hooded, long-sleeved sun shirts, trucker caps, sandals or flip-flops, and nippers hanging around their necks. The nippers are practical, of course, but they also operate as a kind of identification badge. You see the sun shirt and lanyard at a petrol station, in a supermarket or beside a boat trailer and immediately know what the person does for a living.

The outfitter we work with draws from a large group of guides, which means no two boats are quite the same. There are young men in their twenties who have fallen in love with the idea of making a life on rivers and want as much work as they can get. They follow new patterns and techniques, consume enormous amounts of fly-fishing content online and often bring an enthusiasm that lifts the mood before the boat has even left the ramp.

Then there are the career guides in their thirties and forties. Many have now lived beside the river long enough to understand how slowly a fishery of this scale gives up its patterns. Most of the guides we request each year belong somewhere in this group. They have made a conscious decision to remain, and their knowledge has accumulated one season and one drift at a time.

Then there are the older hands. Some are legendary, some slightly salty, and many quieter in the boat than the guides who came after them. I rarely miss an opportunity to fish with one. They have seen the Missouri through high water, low water, heat, smoke, changing hatches and every imaginable type of client. Much of what they know is never formally explained. You absorb it by watching where they position the boat, when they change flies and which pieces of apparently ordinary water they refuse to pass.

A river like the Missouri cannot be learned quickly. Its scale makes that impossible. At first glance, it can look broad, smooth and strangely featureless. Australian anglers are often accustomed to reading more obvious structure. Undercut banks. Timber. Fast seams. Gravel edges. The Missouri presents many of those things too, but much of its best fishing is contained within differences so subtle that the river initially appears empty.

A faint change in current speed. A darker lane beneath glare. A soft line of foam moving several inches faster than the water beside it. A fish rising steadily in a slick that looked lifeless moments earlier. The guides see these things immediately. That is their real skill.

The first morning often begins close to the dam, where guides may row through the same productive piece of water several times. A client hooks a fish, the guide nets it, rows back upstream beneath the wall and begins again. To somebody accustomed to Australian trout fishing, the experience can feel almost indecent.

The fish are not small either. Heavy rainbows and browns in the eighteen to twenty-two-inch class sit in water that can seem impossibly productive. On some mornings, an angler may land several good fish within the first forty minutes, including one or two larger than anything they have previously caught. Guides understand that. A good fish early in the trip settles people. Casting loosens. Anxiety drops. The client begins breathing normally again.

A few years ago, one experienced angler told me before the first day that he would be happy if he caught a single fish during the trip. Australian trout fishing had been difficult and he had arrived carrying the quiet assumption that Montana might prove equally demanding. By lunchtime he had landed seven. The rest of the trip continued much the same way. He caught fish on dry flies, nymphs and streamers, including several larger than anything he had experienced before. More importantly, he returned home a different angler. Not because Montana had made fishing easy, but because success had restored confidence he had gradually lost.

Few rivers do that quite like the Missouri. It is generous enough to help inexperienced anglers, yet technical enough to occupy the best fly fishers for a lifetime.

A beginner can fish a nymph beneath an indicator and catch strong trout throughout the day. An experienced angler can choose to ignore those fish entirely and spend several hours trying to fool one steady riser on a tiny dry fly. Streamers can be worked along the banks. Hoppers can be placed beneath overhanging grass. Caddis can be skated or allowed to sit quietly in the film. There are rock walls, drop-offs, riffles, slicks, backwaters and long open glides. The river does not demand a single approach. It offers choices. That is part of what makes it endlessly compelling.

Summer on the Missouri is governed by insects. PMDs, caddis and tricos dominate much of the fishing, though terrestrials become increasingly important as the season progresses. At times the river seems less like water than a moving soup of life. The trico hatch often begins early, with tiny insects gathering over the river while the air remains cool and the wind manageable. The flies may be size 22 or 24, small enough that even experienced anglers struggle to see them. Guides sometimes pair the imitation with a slightly more visible fly, not because the trout need help locating it, but because the angler does.

The approach is rarely random. You watch the rhythm of a fish rising, then try to place the fly so it arrives during the pause before the next rise. Too early and it passes unnoticed. Too late and the fish has already fed. The process can become maddening. Cast, wait, watch, miss. Cast again. Then, suddenly, the fly disappears exactly where it should and the line comes tight. Few things in fly fishing are more satisfying.

As the morning develops, PMDs begin appearing. Some days the hatch arrives in a defined window. On others it trickles through for hours. The difficulty lies in understanding which stage the fish are eating. Emerger, dun or spent spinner. A pattern that works beautifully for two fish may suddenly be ignored as the trout shift to something else. The caddis are less orderly. They can begin midmorning and continue until darkness, sometimes well beyond it. Fish slash at adults skittering across the surface or sip more quietly at vulnerable insects caught in the film. You may think you have solved the hatch only to discover that the next pod of fish is feeding in a completely different way. The Missouri rewards observation but never guarantees certainty.

At times the rising fish form large pods in slick water. From a distance the shape can appear almost triangular, with one or two larger trout near the head and progressively more fish feeding further downstream. Many are substantial trout, often holding in water so flat and exposed that the approach becomes as important as the fly. Methods that work at home do not always translate neatly. Sneaking up from behind may prove less effective than positioning the boat upstream and drifting the flies down on an angle. The guide controls distance and alignment while the angler tries to make a long leader settle without drag.

The first few casts may be ignored. Then comes a refusal. A nose appears beneath the fly and disappears. Another pattern is tied on. The boat is repositioned. The fish continue rising as though nothing has happened. When it finally works, the satisfaction is enormous. This is the fishing that excites me most on the Missouri. Not because it produces the greatest numbers, but because every fish requires a sequence of decisions. Position. Timing. Fly choice. Presentation. Sometimes the entire problem is solved. Sometimes it remains unsolved and the fish continues feeding long after the boat has moved on. The river allows both outcomes.

But not every client wants to spend an hour on one fish, and they don’t have to. There are days when the sensible decision is to move, cover water and enjoy the abundance. There are other days when a single rising trout becomes the entire point. The best guides recognise the difference. They read clients almost as carefully as they read the river.

American guides are often more outwardly exuberant than Australian guides. That is a generalisation, but probably a fair one. They are more likely to lift the mood through talk, celebration and constant encouragement. Australian guides tend to be slightly more reserved. Neither approach is inherently better. Much of it is cultural. But the good ones know when to talk and when to become quiet. That applies to guides on both sides of the Pacific.

On the Missouri, there is often enough fishing happening that the deeper conversations don’t begin until the first proper break at lunch. Lunch, by the way, is ordered the night before from a form offering an almost excessive range of options, from sandwiches and hoagies to salads. Dietary requests are handled easily. Coolers are stocked with water, soft drinks and beer, along with crisps and some form of cake, muffin or brownie. It is over the top in the American way, and nobody complains.

On some rivers, guides set up fold-up chairs and tables in shallow water. On the Missouri, lunch is usually eaten in the boat. The rower’s bench or the space beside the rod racks becomes a temporary serving table. If the fish are rising, the pause may last no more than fifteen minutes. Sometimes the boat never stops drifting and everyone eats between casts.

On quieter afternoons, a guide may pull into the shade beneath a bridge or alongside cottonwoods. Truth be told, there is not much in the way of shade to be found. Sometimes people step into the river and stand waist-deep in the cool water until the heat begins to leave them. This is often when the conversation changes.

Clients begin asking guides about the rest of their lives. Do they remain in Craig through winter? Do they work in the ski fields? Do they head south for bonefish and permit? Are they married? Do they have children? How many years can someone row a drift boat before the body begins objecting?

At first, it may sound like small talk. But these conversations matter. A guide becomes more than the person holding the oars. A client becomes more than the person making the cast. By the end of the first few days, the best trips begin feeling less transactional and more like shared travel.

One thing you immediately notice is that the guides themselves rarely eat the same lunches they provide. Many carry almonds, cashews or something similarly practical. Slow energy, minimal fuss and no heavy afternoon slump. Rowing a drift boat for eight hours requires its own kind of discipline, and eating a big lunch forty to fifty days in a row does nobody any good.

The sound of the river is part of the experience, but so too are the sounds surrounding it. Boat trailers rattling along the interstate. The creak of oarlocks. Conversation drifting between boats as they pass. Fly line slicing through the air. There is a popular sticker in guide country that reads, “Drive it like you shuttled it.” Anyone who has watched an empty drift-boat trailer bounce down a Montana highway understands the joke immediately.

American guides also launch boats differently from the way I do at home. They are almost religious about keeping trailer bearings out of the water, backing only far enough for the boat to slide free. On the steep ramps of the Goulburn, mine is often submerged during every launch and retrieval, but I tend to do the same even on flatter ramps. I like being able to row directly onto the trailer at the end of the day. American guides look at that approach with the same suspicion I sometimes feel while watching them carefully keep their bearings just above the waterline. Different rivers produce different habits.

The Missouri has its own smells too. Sunscreen applied in thick layers. Coffee inside the fly shop. Timber, wet dogs and river mud. Cottonwoods and pine. Occasionally smoke drifting across the valley from fires hundreds of kilometres away. Then there are the birds. Ospreys hunt openly along the river, folding their wings and dropping towards fish with astonishing precision. Occasionally one will strike so close to the fly that everyone in the boat stops casting. Bald eagles watch from trees and canyon walls, often waiting for an easier opportunity. Golden eagles appear less often but carry a different presence entirely. For Australian anglers, these encounters become part of the fishing day as surely as the nineteen-inch brown in the net.

The day eventually ends back at the fly shop. Boats return. Guides unload gear. Clients gather with the tired satisfaction that follows a big day of floating the river. Stories are exchanged in fragments. A fish missed. A larger fish landed. A pod of risers that refused everything.

From there we return to large houses beside the river. On an adventure such as this, the accommodation matters more than many people first realise. The homes we’ve been using for more than fifteen years are spacious, comfortable and private, often with decks overlooking the water. After a full day in a boat, people need room to separate for a while. Some make calls home. Others sit outside with a drink. Rods may be re-rigged, though by the second day they are often left exactly as they finished because the guide will probably change everything again the following morning.

Dinner is either prepared at the house or taken at one of the small hidden gems that can take time to discover. Good wine is bought in Bozeman on the first day before we drive north. Coffee is treated with equal seriousness. American filter coffee has never entirely convinced Australians, and beginning a long fishing day without decent coffee seems an unnecessary hardship.

Steak appears regularly. So do fresh vegetables, local beer and the occasional whiskey brought through duty-free. Weather is checked. River sections are discussed. Requests are sent to guides, often at around the same time they are sitting down to dinner with their own families.

By then the clients are beginning to settle. Jet lag fades. Casting improves. People stop trying to make every moment count and simply begin living within the rhythm of the trip. Breakfast becomes less rushed. The car ride becomes more relaxed. Jokes start finding their way into conversations. Personalities reveal themselves. This change is one of the things I still enjoy most after years of hosting these journeys. On the first morning, people are often cautious. By the end of the third day, they understand the routine. They know where to be, what to bring and when to let the guide take the lead. They begin seeing water they would have missed on the first day.

That may be the greatest gift the Missouri offers. It teaches people, even experienced guides like me, to look again.

The river that initially seemed broad and almost empty gradually fills with structure. A soft seam appears beside a faster one. A faint rise becomes a feeding lane stacked with fish. A glare-covered slick reveals six trout moving in rhythm. The invisible becomes visible, not because the river has changed, but because the angler has.

What keeps drawing me back is not simply the number or size of its trout, though both are extraordinary, but the breadth of possibility.

One boat may spend the day drifting tiny dry flies to individual risers. Another may throw streamers against cut banks. A third may fish hoppers beneath grassy edges. The structure is always there, but no two days ask quite the same questions.

And after several days, clients who arrived seeing only a large western river begin noticing the small things. The faint current line. The rise beneath glare. The fish at the head of the pod. The guide saying nothing but quietly moving the boat a few feet to the left.

That is when the Missouri begins to reveal itself.

Not all at once.

One drift at a time.

Anthony Boliancu
Drift Boat Guide

 

Every Australian winter, we host a small number of anglers on this remarkable river.
Learn more about our Hosted Montana Expeditions →


 

If there’s one thing thirty years on the Goulburn has taught me, it’s that no two springs are ever quite alike.

Every year anglers arrive hoping to compare the coming season with the last one. We all do it. We remember a particular hatch, a memorable opening weekend, or a run of exceptional dry-fly fishing and assume the river will somehow pick up where it left off.

It rarely works that way.

Rivers have long memories.

They carry the influence of floods, droughts, bushfires, snowmelt and heatwaves long after most people have forgotten about them. A flood from two years ago can still influence where fish hold today. A dry summer can shape insect activity months later. Everything is connected, even when the links aren’t immediately obvious.

The longer you spend around a river, the more you realise that every season is really part of a much longer story.

Many anglers understandably focus on what happened over the past few weeks. Was there a hatch? Did the river rise? Have fish been caught recently? All perfectly reasonable questions. But rivers operate on much longer timelines than most of us do.

The Goulburn we fish today is partly a product of decisions, weather events and environmental conditions that occurred years ago. Floods move gravel and reshape runs. Droughts alter weed growth and insect populations. High summer temperatures can influence trout survival. Even a strong spawning season in one year may influence the quality of fishing several seasons later.

That is one of the reasons predictions can be so difficult. Rivers are not machines. They are living systems. What we see on the surface today is often the result of processes that have been unfolding quietly for months, and sometimes years.

Last season, the dominant story was water.

The Goulburn and many of its tributaries spent extended periods swollen and difficult to access following widespread flooding throughout the catchment. Favourite runs disappeared beneath heavy current. Access tracks became muddy quagmires. Boat ramps vanished underwater. Entire sections of river changed shape almost overnight.

It was one of those seasons that reminded everyone who is really in charge.

This year already feels very different.

Conditions across much of Victoria have trended warmer and drier much earlier than many anglers expected. Spend enough time outdoors and the signs are hard to miss. Trees along the river are flowering earlier. Terrestrial insects are appearing sooner. Caddis activity has increased noticeably. Even the overall feel of the season seems slightly ahead of schedule.

That matters more than many people realise.

Rivers aren’t isolated systems. Change the water temperature, the flow, the insect life or the available food and the entire river begins adjusting around it. Trout respond. Insects respond. Vegetation responds. The river is constantly reorganising itself.

One of the more striking features of the Goulburn at present is its clarity.

Given Lake Eildon’s storage levels, many anglers expected the river to carry more colour than it has. Instead, it has remained remarkably stable. The river currently possesses that soft green clarity that the Goulburn is capable of producing during its better springs. Weed growth is beginning to establish itself. Insect life is steadily increasing. On calm afternoons it’s already possible to observe trout moving confidently into feeding lies.

Clear water changes everything.

Fish become more visible. Presentation becomes more important. Dry-fly opportunities increase. Anglers are once again able to watch trout behaviour rather than simply casting through coloured water and hoping for the best.

Already we’re seeing increasing numbers of mayflies and caddis. If the warmer conditions continue, I suspect some of the better spring dry-fly fishing may occur earlier than many anglers expect. That possibility alone should be enough to generate a little excitement.

One of the first things I watch each spring is not actually the trout.

It’s the weed.

That might sound strange to newer anglers, but healthy weed growth is often one of the earliest signs that a river is moving in the right direction. Weed provides stability. It creates habitat for countless aquatic insects. It produces food and shelter throughout the system. In many respects, good weed growth forms part of the foundation upon which good trout fishing is built.

Over the years I’ve become increasingly convinced that anglers sometimes focus too heavily on the fish themselves and not enough on the broader health of the river. Trout are often the final piece of a much larger puzzle. If the insects are thriving, the weed is healthy, the water quality remains high and flows are reasonably stable, the trout usually respond accordingly.

At the moment there are encouraging signs in several of those areas.

One misconception newer anglers often have about tailwaters is assuming that because dams regulate them, they somehow remain stable.

In reality, rivers like the Goulburn are constantly changing.

A slight increase in flow can alter feeding lies. A reduction in water may expose structure that has been hidden for months. Fish shift. Current seams move. What worked perfectly last week may need adjusting this week.

This is part of what makes tailwater fishing so endlessly fascinating.

You’re never truly fishing the same river twice.

The river’s popularity presents both opportunities and challenges as well.

When we first began drift boating the Goulburn in the mid-1990s, it wasn’t unusual to spend an entire day on the river without seeing another angler.

That sounds almost unbelievable now.

The river was respected locally but remained largely unknown outside a relatively small circle of dedicated fly fishers. Information travelled slowly. There were no fishing influencers, no Facebook groups and certainly no social media reports spreading across the country within hours.

Today the situation is very different.

The Goulburn is widely recognised as one of Australia’s premier trout fisheries. In many ways that recognition is deserved. The river offers year-round access, beautiful scenery and a style of fishing that appeals to a broad range of anglers.

Success, however, brings its own challenges.

Opening weekends can become crowded. Well-known access points fill quickly. Certain stretches receive more attention than they probably deserve.

For anglers seeking quieter experiences, flexibility remains one of the most valuable skills they can develop. Fish later in the day. Walk a little further. Explore less obvious water. Wait for the initial rush to pass.

The Goulburn is still capable of providing wonderful solitude for those prepared to look for it.

The tributaries remain important too.

The Rubicon, Acheron, Stevenson, Delatite and several smaller streams often tell a slightly different story from the main river. Smaller waters warm more quickly, respond differently to weather patterns and can produce surprisingly good dry-fly fishing long before many anglers begin paying attention to them.

At the moment, several already feel alive.

The sort of alive that makes you start thinking about attractor dries, beetles and stimulators earlier than the calendar would normally suggest.

Those simple afternoons wandering a small stream with a light rod often become the memories people carry longest anyway.

Modern fishing culture sometimes encourages us to become obsessed with outcomes.

Fish counts. Photos. Reports. Social media updates.

Rivers operate on a different timetable.

Some seasons are generous. Others are difficult. Some years produce extraordinary hatches. Others become lessons in patience. Part of becoming a better angler is learning to appreciate those variations rather than constantly fighting them.

This spring feels early.

Potentially warm.

Potentially technical if lower flows continue.

But it also feels promising.

The river looks healthy. Insect life is building steadily. The trout appear in good condition. And after the disruptions of recent seasons, there is something reassuring about seeing the Goulburn flowing clear and stable again.

I’ve learned to be cautious about predicting seasons. Rivers have a habit of making fools of experts. But if I had to make an early assessment, I’d say this spring feels encouraging. The water is clear. The insects are building. The fish look healthy. That’s enough to make me optimistic.

Perhaps that’s why so many of us remain fascinated by rivers long after we’ve learned the basic mechanics of catching fish.

Certainty is rare on the water.

Every season brings new questions. Every flood alters something. Every spring arrives with its own character. Just when you think you understand a river completely, it changes again and reminds you there is still more to learn.

Thirty years on the Goulburn has taught me many things, but perhaps the most important is this: rivers reward curiosity. The anglers who continue learning, observing and adapting are usually the ones who enjoy them most.

This spring will be different from the one before it.

Thankfully, that’s exactly as it should be.

Ant


 

Fly anglers love discussing flies.

Open any old fly box and there is usually a story attached to half the patterns inside it. Certain flies become connected to rivers, seasons, people and moments in ways that are difficult to explain to non-anglers. Some patterns arrive with great fanfare before disappearing quietly a year later. Others somehow survive decades of changing fashions and continue catching trout long after newer creations have come and gone.

When I was younger, my fly boxes were packed with experimentation.

Every new magazine article seemed to promise a breakthrough. Every overseas catalogue contained flies I was convinced I needed. Every visiting angler appeared to have discovered some secret pattern capable of transforming an ordinary day into an extraordinary one.

There is nothing wrong with experimentation. In many ways it is part of the fun. New ideas drive fly fishing forward and occasionally genuine innovations emerge.

But after thirty years guiding on rivers across Victoria, New Zealand and beyond, my approach has become much simpler.

I still enjoy new flies. I still tie them. I still test them.

Yet increasingly I find myself reaching for the same handful of patterns that have repeatedly proven themselves across different rivers, seasons and conditions.

Experience has made my fly boxes smaller rather than larger.

One lesson keeps resurfacing. Anglers often spend enormous amounts of energy debating fly patterns, colours and materials, while trout continue feeding happily on the same sensible, well-presented flies they have always eaten. Confidence, presentation and understanding current generally matter far more than possessing the latest “must-have” pattern from the internet.

That said, certain flies genuinely earn permanent places in a guide’s fly box.

Not because they are fashionable.

Because they consistently work.

The flies below are not necessarily the only patterns worth carrying, nor are they arranged in strict order of importance. They are simply flies that, over many years across Australia and New Zealand, have repeatedly proven themselves in real conditions.

Some are subtle. Some are attractors. Some imitate insects closely. Others merely suggest life convincingly enough to trigger a response.

But all of them have earned their place honestly.

The Royal Wulff

The Royal Wulff - makes our list of top 50 trout flies.

There are more technically realistic dry flies available these days.

Many of them are excellent.

Yet the Royal Wulff continues catching trout with remarkable consistency, particularly in rougher water where visibility and floatation matter more than precise imitation.

It is an old-fashioned fly in the best possible sense.

The white wings remain easy to track through broken current and the fly floats stubbornly even after prolonged punishment. In fast pocket water, high-country streams or heavier riffled runs, it still performs beautifully.

I have watched clients overcomplicate fly choice countless times while some slightly chewed-up Royal Wulff quietly continues producing fish in the background.

That says something.

The Royal Wulff is especially useful as a searching pattern when no obvious hatch is occurring. Fish it confidently. Let it drift naturally. Or suspend a small nymph beneath it when deeper fish are involved.

It remains one of those flies every experienced guide seems to carry, even if they occasionally pretend otherwise.

Beadhead Flashback Pheasant Tail

If somebody forced me to reduce all nymph fishing to a single pattern, this would come very close.The Beadhead Flashback Pheasant Tail - makes our list of top 50 trout flies.

Simple. Versatile. Effective.

The pheasant tail imitates an enormous range of mayfly nymphs while the bead and flashback help attract attention without becoming excessively gaudy. It sinks quickly, fishes naturally and works across an enormous range of rivers.

There is nothing particularly glamorous about the pattern, which is perhaps part of its strength.

It simply catches fish.

Most importantly, it fishes well under indicators, tightline presentations, dry-dropper rigs or dead-drifted beneath larger attractor dries.

Some flies become confidence flies because of marketing. Others earn confidence gradually through repeated reliability.

The beadhead flashback pheasant tail belongs firmly in the second category.

Chernobyl Ant

No fly causes more confusion among beginners.

“It doesn’t really look like anything.”

Exactly.The Chernobyl Ant - makes our list of top 50 trout flies.

The Chernobyl Ant succeeds because trout are opportunistic creatures. Particularly in summer, large terrestrial patterns crashing onto the surface often trigger reactions far more aggressive than delicate imitations.

This fly excels in places where realism becomes secondary to impact.

Undercut banks. Tight structure. Foam lines. Windy afternoons. Fast bankside water beneath overhanging vegetation.

It is also one of the great teaching flies because clients can see it clearly and fish tend to eat it decisively.

Some of my favourite guiding memories involve throwing large foam patterns into ugly-looking structure where clients are convinced nothing could possibly live.

Then the river erupts.

The Chernobyl Ant may not be elegant, but elegance was never its purpose.

Parachute Adams

If there is a universal dry fly, this is probably it.

Few patterns adapt themselves so effectively across so many situations.The Parachute Adams - makes our list of top 50 trout flies.

At various sizes, the Parachute Adams can suggest midges, mayflies and countless small unidentified insects drifting naturally in the film. More importantly, it lands correctly, remains visible and fishes naturally in a wide variety of conditions.

Its simplicity is deceptive.

Good parachute patterns sit beautifully in the surface film, which is often where trout expect vulnerable insects to appear. That subtle low-riding posture frequently matters more than exact imitation.

Guides quietly rely on flies like this constantly.

Not because they are exciting.

Because they continue working when many trendier patterns do not.

Bubbleback Pupa

Rene Harrop understood trout and insects at an extraordinarily deep level.

The Bubbleback Pupa reflects that understanding beautifully.The Bubbleback Pupa - makes our list of top 50 trout flies.

At first glance it appears relatively understated, but underwater the pattern possesses remarkable realism. The reflective bubbleback imitates the trapped gases forming around emerging caddis pupae as they ascend toward the surface.

Trout often feed heavily on these ascending insects.

Particularly selective trout.

Fished correctly beneath the surface during caddis activity, this fly can produce some extraordinarily technical fish. Its strength lies less in aggression and more in quiet persuasion.

Like much of the best fishing, it rewards patience.

Copper John

Some flies are designed primarily around elegance.

The Copper John was not.The Beadhead Copper John - makes our list of top 50 trout flies.

John Barr designed a practical fish-catching tool built to sink rapidly and attract attention. In fast rivers, deep runs and heavier current seams, that practicality becomes enormously useful.

Its copper body gets the fly down quickly while still maintaining a slim enough profile to resemble natural nymphs convincingly.

More importantly, it catches fish in difficult conditions.

Cold water. Fast current. Deep slots. Heavy pocket water.

It is one of those patterns guides often reach for when clients simply need to begin feeling fish again after a difficult session.

There is comfort in dependable flies.

Klinkhammer

The Klinkhammer changed modern dry-fly fishing because it solved an important problem.

Trout often feed on insects trapped during emergence rather than fully formedThe Klinkhammer - makes our list of top 50 trout flies. adults floating cleanly on the surface.

That vulnerable transition stage matters enormously.

The curved hook and partially submerged body imitate exactly that moment when an insect struggles between water and air.

Once anglers begin understanding emerger fishing properly, they usually start viewing rises differently as well.

Not all rises are true dry-fly eats.

Many fish are feeding just beneath the surface.

The Klinkhammer bridges that gap beautifully.

Royal Stimulator

The Royal Stimulator sits somewhere between attractor pattern, stonefly imitation and pure optimism.

It is large. Visible. Buoyant. And wonderfully effective.The Royal Stimulator- makes our list of top 50 trout flies.

I particularly like it in fast freestone water or smaller mountain streams where fish have less time to inspect flies critically.

Its greatest strength may actually be as the top fly in a dry-dropper rig. The buoyancy supports heavier nymphs while remaining highly visible in turbulent current.

And occasionally, despite the nymph hanging beneath it, the dry itself gets eaten violently by a fish charging several feet through broken water.

Those moments never really become boring.

Bushy’s Emerger

Kaj Busch understood difficult trout exceptionally well.The Busjy's Emerger - makes our list of top 50 trout flies.

Bushy’s Emerger reflects a very Australian understanding of selective fish feeding calmly in clear water.

Unlike highly visible attractor dries, this fly relies on subtlety. Muted tones. Soft silhouette. Natural posture.

In difficult mayfly hatches, particularly under overcast skies, Bushy’s Emerger often outfishes brighter or more heavily hackled patterns because it simply looks alive in the film.

This is not a fly for impatient anglers.

It rewards careful presentation, fine leaders and restraint.

But when conditions align properly, it can become one of the most effective dry flies on the river.

Final Thoughts

As anglers gain experience, many gradually simplify their fly boxes.

Not because they stop enjoying flies, but because certain patterns repeatedly prove themselves over enough seasons that confidence naturally settles around them.

That confidence matters more than many people realise.

A well-presented fly fished with belief generally performs better than constant anxious changing. Rivers reward calm observation more than panic.

There will always be new patterns arriving. New materials. New trends. New debates. Some will genuinely advance fly design. Others will disappear almost immediately.

The flies that truly endure usually share similar qualities. Simplicity. Function. Versatility. The ability to suggest life convincingly without unnecessary complication.

Those are the flies guides continue carrying long after fashion has moved elsewhere.

Not because they are nostalgic.

Because they still work.

Ant

People often ask when the best time to fish the Goulburn is.

The truth is that there isn’t really a single answer.

The river changes enormously across the course of a season. Water levels rise and fall with irrigation demand. Insect hatches build and collapse. Trout reposition themselves constantly as current speeds, temperatures and food sources evolve from spring through to winter.

In many ways, the Goulburn fishes like several completely different rivers across a single season.

That is part of what keeps it endlessly interesting.

The Goulburn has occupied a large part of my working life since the mid-1990s. When I first began guiding here, drift boats were virtually unknown in Victoria. Most anglers approached the river on foot and much of the water we routinely fish today received relatively little attention. Over the decades I have watched floods reshape entire bends, seen drought reduce sections of river to a shadow of themselves, witnessed extraordinary insect hatches and endured years where fish populations struggled badly.

The river has changed repeatedly.

So have the anglers.

And perhaps so have I.

Yet despite all those changes, certain seasonal rhythms continue reappearing often enough that you begin recognising them almost instinctively. Not as rigid rules—rivers rarely obey those for long—but as recurring moods that shape the character of the river from opening day through until winter.

This is not intended as a technical manual.

More simply, it is an overview of how the river tends to evolve from opening day through to the close of the season, and some of the lessons it has taught me along the way.

SPRING

September – Low Water, Clear Flows and Careful Fishing

Opening week on the Goulburn often arrives with the river running low and exceptionally clear.

Unless Lake Eildon is near spilling, releases are usually reduced heavily throughout winter and early spring while water is captured for the irrigation season ahead. The result is a river sitting near minimum flow levels with beautiful clarity and highly wadable conditions.

At the same time, many surrounding freestone rivers remain cold, high or discoloured from winter rain and snowmelt.Low water conditions in September

That contrast is one of the reasons the Goulburn becomes so important early in the season. While many rivers remain difficult to fish, the Goulburn is often stable, accessible and already producing hatches.

The trout, however, can be extremely cautious.

 

Months of low, clear water make fish nervous and highly aware of movement. Large browns frequently sit along inside bends, gravel edges and shallow feeding lanes where they are easily spooked by careless approaches.

September is not generally a month for charging around the river.

It rewards patience, long leaders, careful positioning, good light and accurate presentation.

One of the great mistakes many anglers make in September is assuming the fish are difficult because they are not feeding. Usually they are feeding quite actively. The problem is that they can see almost everything. Shadows, poor wading, drag, heavy footfalls and rushed casting all become magnified in low clear water.

The fishing early in the month remains largely subsurface, though evening rises build steadily week by week. Midges dominate initially, along with small mayflies and scattered caddis activity. Yet even during opening week, larger pale duns often appear unexpectedly during mild evenings.

That first proper spring rise after winter remains one of the great pleasures of the season.

October – The River Wakes Properly

By October, the Goulburn begins feeling fully alive again.

Water temperatures rise noticeably and insect life accelerates quickly. Depending on rainfall and irrigationbwo_02_L demand, flows may remain relatively low or begin climbing steadily through the month, but either way the river generally fishes exceptionally well.

This is when the first truly significant hatches begin occurring consistently.

Caddis appear in heavy numbers through the day. Mayflies build each evening. Caenids begin hatching in extraordinary densities on calm mornings.

Some years the river feels almost covered in insects.

And importantly, the trout know it.

October dry-fly fishing on the Goulburn can become remarkably technical. During heavy caenid activity especially, trout often feed rhythmically and selectively in flat slick water. Tiny flies, long leaders and drag-free presentation matter far more than heroic casting distance.

Many anglers overcomplicate imitation during these hatches.

Presentation usually matters more.

Getting the fly into the correct lane at the correct moment is everything.

There are mornings during peak caenid activity where the Goulburn rivals any dry-fly fishery I have seen anywhere in the world. That may sound like a bold statement, but after spending considerable time fishing New Zealand, Montana and other celebrated trout destinations, I remain convinced that the Goulburn at its best deserves far more recognition than it receives.

November – Crescendo

If October is excellent, November often becomes ridiculous.

By now almost everything is hatching.

Caenids at first light. Caddis throughout the day. Large evening mayflies. Spinners at dusk. Stoneflies. Flying ants. Termites on humid afternoons.

The river enters a period of abundance where trout seem permanently tuned toward the surface.

This is one of the great dry-fly months on the Goulburn.

The famous Kossie Dun also begins making regular appearances around this time. These large mayflies emerge right on last light and can trigger explosive short-lived feeding windows from some of the river’s better fish.

There are evenings where trout ignore almost everything for hours, then suddenly begin feeding aggressively during the final twenty minutes of fading light.

You learn to stay late in November.

Many memorable fish are hooked after most sensible people have already started walking back toward the car.

Termite falls can also produce astonishing fishing during humid weather. Fish become completely locked onto them and rise with extraordinary confidence. Having a good imitation during one of these falls can transform an ordinary afternoon into something unforgettable.

November feels like abundance.

The river is rich. The trout are active. The insect life is extraordinary.

Everything seems to be happening at once.

SUMMER

December – Terrestrials and Edge Water

By December, the river usually rises significantly as irrigation demand increases downstream.

Higher flows change the entire shape of the fishing.

Fish move tighter to structure and softer edge water while the main currents become faster and less efficient feeding zones. Trout begin sitting astonishingly close to the banks beneath grass, willow roots and submerged structure where slower current delivers food consistently.

This is where drift boats become incredibly effective.

The rise of irrigation flows during summer was one of the reasons drift boats proved so valuable when we first introduced them to the river. Water that is difficult or impossible to fish effectively on foot suddenly becomes accessible. Long banks lined with willows, undercut grass edges and flooded structure can be covered quietly and efficiently.

Many visitors are surprised by how little of the river’s productive summer water is actually located in the middle. The best lies are often only a metre or two from the bank.

Summer also marks the beginning of the great terrestrial period.

Cicadas appear. Hoppers increase. Beetles become important.

And then eventually the willow grubs begin falling.

For many Goulburn anglers, willow grub fishing defines summer entirely.A sequence of a solid Goulburn brown eating willow grubs beneath the trees

Fish feed on them with astonishing commitment, often rising repeatedly beneath overhanging willows for hours at a time. Large trout simply patrol beneath the trees waiting for the next helpless grub to fall.

The river feels rich during December.

The river feels rich during December, and the trout are among its greatest beneficiaries.

January and February – The Tailwater’s Great Advantage

January and February reveal the Goulburn’s greatest strength.

While surrounding rivers often become warm, low and increasingly stressed by summer heat, the tailwater influence keeps the Goulburn comparatively cool and productive. This is what makes it such a special fishery.

Backwaters, flooded edges and softer side channels become critical.

These areas hold extraordinary numbers of trout throughout summer, many of them large fish feeding quietly away from the heavier main current.

This is visual fishing at its best.

You often see the trout before casting. Watch them feeding. Position the boat carefully. Then attempt to place the fly naturally into tight feeding lanes along the edges.

Some of the river’s biggest browns become surprisingly vulnerable during this period.

Provided you approach properly.Willow grubbers are voracious and you often catch the same fish immediately after dropping it. The second fly in this one was from a break-off the previous day.

The backwaters become fascinating places. Large trout cruise slowly through submerged grass and quiet lagoons feeding on everything from beetles and hoppers through to spiders, wasps and drowned insects washed from the banks.

Big attractor patterns fish extremely well now, though paradoxically downsizing can also become important when fish become suspicious in very clear water.

That contradiction is very Goulburn.

AUTUMN

March – TransitionMarch is a month of slow transition

March sits between seasons.

The heat still lingers. The terrestrial fishing remains productive. But the river slowly begins changing direction again.

 

Water levels often fall gradually and the first stronger aquatic hatches begin rebuilding after the heavy irrigation flows of high summer.

The trout remain fat and heavily conditioned from months of easy feeding.

Backwaters continue fishing well, though fish slowly redistribute back toward seams, runs and bubble lines as flows decrease and aquatic insects regain importance.

There are no strict rules in March.

And that uncertainty makes it wonderfully interesting.

April – Perhaps the River’s Finest Month

If forced to choose a favourite month on the Goulburn, April would be very difficult to overlook.

The river often settles into beautiful medium flows. The weather softens. The crowds reduce. The fish feed heavily ahead of winter.

And importantly, both terrestrial and aquatic fishing remain excellent simultaneously.

Few months offer such variety.

You can still catch trout confidently on hoppers, beetles and ants while also encountering increasingly technical mayfly and caddis fishing.

Autumn feels different emotionally as well.

The urgency of spring has passed. The abundance of summer begins fading. The river seems to slow its breathing slightly. Mornings arrive cooler. Shadows lengthen earlier. The first leaves begin drifting onto the water.

Perhaps because I have spent so many years guiding through these months, autumn increasingly feels like the season when the river becomes easiest to appreciate.

Not necessarily easiest to fish.

But easiest to understand.

May – Quiet Water and Precision

May is perhaps the most beautiful month on the Goulburn.

Cool mornings. Still air. Low clear water. Trout rising steadily through the middle of the day.

The river slows down now.

Midges and blue-winged olives dominate much of the fishing. Presentation becomes increasingly delicate and fish become highly aware of movement again after the heavier summer flows disappear.

Stealth matters enormously.

You begin stalking fish properly once more.

Careful wading. Long leaders. Tiny flies. Soft approaches.

The rewards, however, are immense.

May trout are often in magnificent condition and the atmosphere along the river during stable autumn weather can feel almost perfect.

And occasionally, almost absurdly, Kossie duns still appear right into late May and even June.

The river always retains the ability to surprise you.

WINTER

June to August – The River Rests

The trout season closes during winter so fish can spawn undisturbed.

For guides and anglers, winter becomes the season of tying flies, servicing gear, writing, planning and thinking ahead toward spring once again.

Or occasionally heading north to Montana and Idaho where another trout season is just beginning.

The cycle never really stops.

Only shifts hemispheres.

Final Thoughts

People often ask whether I ever become bored guiding the same river for so many years.

The honest answer is no.

Partly because the river never truly repeats itself.

But mostly because familiarity and understanding are not the same thing.

The longer I spend on the Goulburn, the more I realise how much remains to be learned. Every flood changes something. Every drought reveals something. Every season offers new puzzles for those paying attention.

That, perhaps, is the real gift of a tailwater.

Not consistency.

Curiosity.

The Goulburn is not perfect. No river is. It has endured floods, droughts, changing water management, cormorant pressure and countless other challenges over the years. Yet it remains one of the most fascinating trout fisheries in Australia.

Thirty years later, the river is still teaching.

And I suspect it always will.

Ant